Digital encoding apparatus for the synchronization of separate pictures and sound records

ABSTRACT

APPARATUS USABLE WITH AN ORDINARY MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDER FOR PREPARING SOUND MOTION PICTURES INCLUDES A CAMERA HAVING MEANS TO CODE MARK FILM, MEANS TO PRODUCE A SYNC PULSE SIGNAL INDICATIVE OF THE CAMERA SPEED, AND A DIGITAL ENCODING DEVICE. AN ACCESSORY DEVICE COUPLES THE CAMERA AND A TAPE RECORDER FOR APPLYING MATCHING SCENE IDENTIFICATION CODE TO THE TAPE SOUND TRACK AND TO THE FILM. A FILM SPEED CODE IS ALSO APPLIED TO THE TAPE FOR SYNCHRONIZED PLAYBACK.

y 1972 L. M. METZGER DIGITAL ENCODING APPARATUS FOR THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF SEPARATE PICTURES AND SOUND RECORDS Flled May 4, 1970 3% x 9 l H i 1 {i 4 O 3 Il 9 ll M 6 D 8 M I 16 5 m R IN, I T 'I/ I N 2 8 D w 5 0 I m H 4 M 4 R M 'M. F W O A F. 5 1m 8 I B I': a 6 6 D 8 D F R E O T M L C S o D N A a w 2 A5 6 8 7 I W W AVHL l W I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 71L I TO I TAPE -4- MIXER- RECORD. I

LENARD M. METZGER INVENTOR.

BY Q A/W MUM ATTORNEYS I 3,664,735 Patented May 23, 1872 I 3,664,735 YQDIGITAL ENCODING APPARATUS FOR THE 'SYNCHRONIZATION 0F SEPARATE PIC! 'TURES AND SOUND RECORDS Lenard M.

' Kodak Company, Rochester, NY.

' Filed May 4', 1970, Ser. No. 34,195

r Int. Cl; G03b=17/24, 21/52,.31/04' U.S.Cl.352-- -24 A 11 Claims forsyn'chronized playb ck, i

clioss-nnrnnnnen TO RELATED APPLICATION nReferenceis made to commonly assigned copending U.S.-.'Pat. application"Ser. No. 31,182, entitled Apparatus for the synchronization oi -Separate Picture and Sound Records, filed in the name, of M. Csontos.

B ACKGROUNDYOF ,THE. INVENTION Field of the invention The present invention relates to sound accompaniment for motion picture photography, and more particularly to the synchronization of aseparate sound recording with its ssociated filminrage. Q Description of the. prior art "There are several products in commercial use for producing sound accompanied motion picture films for public reproduction. For example, in accordance with one widely used inethod;the' sound is optically recorded on the film bylight patterns as the scene is photographed. As the film isfiuoces'sed, both the sound track and the image track are developed simultaneously so that proper synchronization is attained. Such systems have to now been considered-too complicated and expensive for amateur use. ;.;"With the advent of Super-8 film, home movies are becomingincreasingl popular. However, home sound motion pictures have not met with the same popularity as silent movies even though there have'been many different proposals'in-the 'past for camera and/or recorders designed to produce such films. I

"Two such'proposals are disclosed in US. Pats. No. 2,679,187 to R. C. Bittin'g,'lr. and No.3,266,8 62 to R. G. Wagoner. The Bitting apparatus includes a camera vibration pickup. which produces' a signal indicative of camera speed. That signal is combined with a scene sound signal and recorded on'magnetic tape. During replay,-the sound and speed;signals are sepaarted"anddhelatteris used to regulate the' speed of a projector. The apparatus described in the Wagoner patent is somewhat similar tothat of Bitting except'that Wagoner provides a timing signal source for establishing -initial"syn-' chronization, areference signal then 'beingused to maintain such synchronization. 'While the above-described prior art systems-are suitable for-their intended purposes, they do not provide pos scenes. The *Bittingapparatus is designed solely to: keep Metzger, Rochester, N.Y., assignor to Eastman use and with alcamera having a sync pulse generator.

aprojector in synchronization. with a-recorder one mitial synchronization has been established.v The Wagoner system provides no means for identifying one sound scene from anotherand no means for positively-marking a picture record with sound recording informationso that it may later be comparedv to the recording to indicate which picture-scenes are accompanied .by. sound and which are not. In the event that the user of such a system wishes to have the sound transferred to a magnetically stripped film, positive identification of the sound and picture scenes to prevent inadvertent transfer of sound from one scene to the picture of another scene is not assured.

One commercially available system accomplishes synchronization of a recorder and projector in response to a start mark on the film, and to synchronization and stop signals recorded on the tape. The camera flashes the start mark on the film at the beginning of every sound sequence and provides one electrical sync pulse for each frame advanced during the sound sequence. These sync pulse and stop signals are recorded on a separate control track on the tape to be later used during playback for keeping the recorder and a projector in synchronization. During the picture taking sequence, a sync signal switch in the camera opens and closes in response to a cam on the shutter shaft to provide a pulse for each frame advanced during a sound sequence. The sync signal 'from the camera is transmitted to the recorder to perform three functions. First, the sync signal is fed through a pulse integrating circuit which sends a delayed start signal to a motor power control switch that turns on the tape recorder transport motor. Secondly, the sync signal is sent through a shaper to a transducer head that records it on the control track of the tape. Thirdly, the sync signal is sent to a pulse detecting circuit that places a start mark on the film. When a camera is turned off,

the pulse detector circuit senses the loss of sync signalsand allows a stop signal to be recorded on the control track of the tape. The disadvantage of this system is that it requires the purchase of a specially adapted and relatively expensive tape recorder. The tape recorder must have at least two sound tracks, one-for synchronization purposes and one to record the scene program. The tape recorder is necessarily complicated in that it must contain circuitry necessary to provide synchronization between the picture and sound records during both record and reproduction operations. For many people who now own personal tape recorders not so-gequipped, the purchase of a second recorder which duplicates many functions of the apparatus which they presently own would prove to be an expensive method of obtaining sound photography capabilities. 5

Commonly assigned, copending US. Pat. application Ser. No. 31,182, entitled Apparatus for the Synchronization of Separate Picture and Sound Records, filed in the name of M. Csontos describes an accessory device for use with a tape recorder of the.,type commonly ,.fo 11nd in and a lamp for placing. codingmarkson the vfilm. Circuitry in the accessory vdevi :.e,'includes a filterfor reject-. ing, a narrowband from the audio spectrum of theproe.

gram being picked npbya microphone An oscillator is provided to produce .a carriersignalhaginga frequency variable within the hand rejected fromgth program audio." Coding logic, responsive to the firstpulse received from a camera dming each scene, changes the frequency of the carrier-signal so that ..adjacent ;audi9 scenes can be I identified/The signals emitted'by-the. oscillator bear ,a;

direct relationshipto the rate at: which-qthe sync} pulses.

are received from the cameras so as to code theaudio tape with cameraqspeed information. Further, ithei amplitude of the oscillator output is :modulatedto provide -""'clap-stick effects at the "startand end of a sound scene to assist in synchronization duringsounddransfer' orplayback. The output of the oscillator is mixed with the output of the narrow band reject filter to be recorded on a 'single trackof. a" tape recorder: Durin g sound-transfer or playbachthe'signals "canibe separatedfor audio and synchronizationpurposesrThe film in the camera is also coded atzthe' start and end of a. scene by coding logic in the accessory box which, upon receipt of the first and lastrsynchronizationpulse from the camera, actuate a lamp-:inithe camera to. fog: the edge of the'film'at the appropriate location. 1 '1. x ii- The Csontos application provides a solution to'the problems mentioned above with respectect to the prior art systems, such as by providing proper synchronization between picture and sound records with positive means for identifying individual scenes and for distignuishing and identifying adjacent scenes on the recording.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is an improvement over that disclosed in the Csontos application.

A- coding information signal having at least one variable characteristic is modified by a binary input signal to produce a binary output unique to the particular scene being filmed and the camera frame rate. The binary output is recordable on the tape and controls an encoding device in the camera to apply a similar scene identification code to the film.

In the specific embodiment shown, a camera is provided with a binary encoding device for energizing selective signal transmitters. The transmitters energized are changed from scene to scene. As a scene is being photographed, the transmitters are sequentially sampled and a representative electrical signal produced to control a tape encoding device to record a scene identification code and to control a mechanism for applying a similar scene identification code to the film in the camera.

The invention and its objects and advantages, will become more apparent in the detailed description of the preferred embodiment presented below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING In the detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention presented below, reference is made to the accompanying drawing, which is a schematic illustration of the preferred embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The drawing shows a recording system for sound movies in accordance with an illustrated embodiment of the invention. A camera shown schematically and identified generally by the reference numeral 12 is of the amateur movie type well known in the art; elements not specifically shown or described taking various forms well known to those skilled in the art. Various modifications have been effected to the end that synchronization signals may be applied 'to film in camera 12 and to a sbund tape ina" tape recorder.-The 'tape'recorder has not been'shownbut may be," and is here'assun'ied to be, a conventional 'rnagne tic taperecorder of the type com-- monly found in domestic use, which has a lower'level microphone input suitable for a dynamic (moving coil): microphone; arequirement that' is" met" by almost' lall solid state emanates-c ee s now available.

Camera 12 may be providedwith a away 14 and a motor 1'6for advaiicing film" when a'switch 18 is closed location where'illurninationof the lamp-will l'i'ghtlfog one edge of;.the filmyfo'r example the edg'e'.-,provided with-- sprocketholes,

; All vcoding functions equipped with a mechanism for generating electrical sync area a mean which. is

pulses or signals when motor 16 is running. Such mechanismsaregenerally--well-known in the art; and examples are shown in US. Pats. No: 2,67 9,187 and No. 3,266,862. In the following description',*' it is assumed that sync pulses are produced one per pulldown stroke upon closure of switch 24 by the pulldown claw mechanism, but other arrangements will readily occurto thoseskil led' in the art.

Camera 12 is also provided with an encoding device which, in the preferred embodimenttakes the form of a binary encoding disc upon which is provided an electrically conductive pattern 32 anda series, of peripheral ratchet teeth 34.'Encoding disc'30 is advanced in a clockwise direction one notch, or revolution-in the embodi ment shown, each time push button 20 is depressed to initiate photographing a scene. As the conductive pattern 32 on disc 30 turns under a seriesof brushes "36, selected brushes contact the pattern to provide up to thirty-two different binary code outputs to five. conductors or signal transmitters 38 42. Thenumber of binary code outputs could obviously be increased or decreased as desired by providing a dilferentconductive pattern and various other numbers of brushes. While- I have shown encoding disc 30 being advanced one notch per sceneby the depression of push button 20, it is to be understood that the encoding mechanism could take various other forms and could be indexed by other camera mechanisms, such as by either a footage or frame counter (not shown).

An accessory device 46 contains various control items which have been shown schematically in the drawing. It will be understood that while the accessory device ;-has been shown as a separate item inthe illustrated embodiment, its components maybe incorporated in either the camera or the recorderhousing if desired. Further, disc 30 may be physically housedin accessory device 46 rather than in camera 12. If such were the case, ratchet 34 could be indexed by a solenoid-operated mechanism rather than directly by push button 20. c

Accessory device 46 houses a binary counter 48 which counts pulses transmitted by the closure of switch 24 in camera 12 until sixteen pulses have been received and then resets to zero. Counter 48 has outputs A, B, C, D, and E at which output .pulsesare generated .by the counter as it receives the first, second, fourth, eighth and sixteenth sync pulses, respectively, from switch 24.

Binary counter 48 and a flip-flop SOareconnected' to motor 16 in camera 12 by a.conductor .52having con ductor branches 54 and 56 Asshowna' capacitor anda diode are connected in eachof the circuits between motor 16, counter 48 and motor, 16am flip-flop '50 s joflhat the turn on transient current of, motor 16 resets binary .c iounte jf 48 to zero and sets fiip-flop 50 to produce :an output in a conductor 58 interconnecting the fiipfiopwith' an input of an AND-gate 60. The D output of binary .counter 48 is used to reset flip-fiop 50. I i I A series of conductorsor signal transmitters 61-65 are arranged to be connected toconductors 38-42, respectively, by suitable cabling. Conductors. 61-65 are inputs to a series of AND-gates 66- 70, respectively. ,As shown, the other input toAND-gate 66 is output A" of binary. counter 48. In ,likema'nner, the other, input to AND-gate 67 is counter output B, 'to AND-gate 68 are counter outputs A and- B, to AND-gate, 69. .is counter output C and to AND-gate 7 0--are counter outputs A- I and C. Receipt by an AND-gate of-a signalfrorn counter 48 along a lea d marked with a bar will inhibitoperation of .that'AND gate, The outputs of -.AND,- 3tes- 66 ,70

are connected to .O R- gate 72 as are output Egof binary.

counter 48 and the reset transient of motor 16. The output ofc'o ding information 74 and to AND-gate 6,0.

.-Accessory.device 46,-houses .a conventional bandelimination filter 76. Filter 76 extracts a small. frequency bandof the audio spectrurn of the signalpic-kei'up by a microphone, not shown, and transmitted along a con-' ductor= 78. 'Ifhe'frequencies of the extliacted band may:

then: be utilized. to receive coding signals. as .explained hereinafter without interference front-the programaudio coming from the scene to be photographed.v w e {The output signal .of :wave :filter L76v is transmitted via a conductor 80 to 'a.-. mixer '-z82'-to"be-wcombined. with a scene identification signal emitted by an {oscillator 86. At least one. characteristic. of ,the output of ,oscillator86 is determined 'by' modifier 74 and .a ,.monostable vibrator-88.

- The various elements "of accessory device 46 are powered by a battery pack. 90 through a switchx92. The batterypack-is shown in the-illustrated embodiment as beingphysically housed in the accessory device, but it will be understood thatthe-power could be derived from a source 'in-thecamera as described in the above-mentioned .Csontos'application.

. Operation? ""In preparation for taking asound movie, camera 12, amicrophone Knot shown) and a tape recorder (not shown) are connected to accessory box 46 by suitable cabling. Next, the recorder is placed in the record mode and the record level is adjusted as for normal tape recording. Now camera 12 may be'started bydepressing push button 20 to close-switch '18 and thereby actuate camera drive motor 16. Depression of push button 20 also causes binary encoding disc 30 to be revolved A of a revolution so that portions of electrically conductive pattern 32 contact selected ones of brushes 36. As motor 16 drives the camera, switch 24 is momentarily closed once per pulldown' movement.

The turn on transient of motor 16 is transmitted via conductors 52, 54 and 56 to reset binary counter 48 and flip-flop 50. Clock pulses from switch 24 proceed to step binary counter 48 through its range of one to sixteen pulses. Depending upon the position of binary encoding disc "30 in camera"12,various,'ones of AND-gates 66-70 will be supplied with input signals via conductors 61-65, respectively] As binar'y' counter '48 proceeds through its first five counts, the five' ANG-gates will be sequentially sampled by signals produced in counter outputs A, B and CJThat is, when the first sync pulse is received by counter 48, a signal is transmitted by output A to AND-gate 66. Since there are no outputs B, C, or, D, if the corresponding brush is contacting the conductive pattern of binary encoding disc 32 AND-gate 66 will produce an output signal tofO'R-gate 72. In like'manner, as the second sync pulse signal-is received'by counter 48 from camera 12, counter output B will provide an input to AND-gate 67."'Assuming that the corresponding brush does not contact theconductive pattern, no output will be produced by AND-gate 67 and no input will be received by OR-gate 72 (if the correspondingbrush did contact the conductive pattern, AND-gate67 would produce an outputsignal to OR-gate 72 since there are no outputs A, C or D). As the first five sync pulses of a set of sixteen are received by counter 48," all offthe AND-gates 66-70 will'be sampled insequence. When there is coincident inputs to 'an'AN {gate (andj if inputs fromthe counter outputs marked'in'the drawingwith a bar are not received), a pulse is passed through, OR-gate 72 to actuate modulator 74 caus ingithe modulator to change the output characteristicof -oscillator 86 which is mixed with the audiomandrecorded, on thetape. The encoding device willgbe continually sampled during the first -five' sync pulses'of every subsequent group of sixteen pulses produced by switch 24 of camera 12, and a scene code group which is distinctiveforeach setting of encoding disc 30 will be recorded. Of. course athe disc setting changes with each scene.

During the very first sampling'of AND-gates 66-70, the output of OR-gate 72 is passed through AND-gate 60 to energize lamp 22 of camera 12 each time there is coincident inputs to one of the five AND-gates. At the sametimethatthe lamp is being flashed, modulator 74 is actuated to alter the output signal of oscillator 86-to place adistinctive codeon he tape inthe recorder..When the eighth sync pulse .is transmitted .to binary counter 48,;counter outpuLD resetsiflip-fiop 50 toprevent further coincident inputs to AND-gate 60 until the camera is restarted and the .fiipfiop is reset by the turn-on transient of motor 16. To avoid a partial encoding of the film, a solenoid or similar device could be provided in camera .12 to prevent the release of push button 20 before the eighth pulse is received.

In order to provide a camera speed indication on the tape record, every sixteenth pulse received by binary counter 48 will produce a signal in counter output E to provide a fixed reference point on the tape. The first such fixed reference point is produced at the time the camera is first turned on by the turn-on transient of motor 16 transmitted by a conductor 94. In cases where extremely accurate synchronization between tape and film is necessary, speed synchronization could be obtained by the application of clock pulses to mixer 82. These clock pulses could be derived from the absence of switch 24 or from camera vibration pickup.

When a scene is completed and the camera power is turned oil by releasing push button 20, the turn-off transient of motor 16 triggers monostable multivibrator 88 to cause modulator 74 to affect oscillator 86, thereby producing a distinctive end-of-recording burst on the tape.

Although the type of modulation of oscillator 86 has not been specifically set forth, it will be recognized that any one of a number of modulation techniques could be used to record the two level, sequential code groups. For instance, oscillator 86 could be either amplitude modulated or frequency modulated within the narrow elimination band provided by wave filter 76.

The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, 'but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be eifected within the spirit and scope of the invention.

I claim:

1. A device, usable with a motion picture camera and a recorder for producing a record of the accompanying sound for pictures taken by the camera, said device comprising:

a source of coding information having at least one variable output characteristic;

means actuatable for modifying said output characteristic;

means operable during the taking of a scene for sequentially actuating and deactuating said output characteristic modifying means in a predetermined sequence to binary encode the coding information;

-means for applying the coding information to the recorder; and

means for changing said sequence of operation of said actuating means from one scene to the next, whereby the binary codes for adjacent scenes are distinct.

2. A device, usable with a motion picture camera of the type havihg,. means for applying code marks to the film and with a recorder for producing a record of the accompanying sound forpictures taken by the camera, said dev ce comprrsmg:

means operable during the taking ofa scene for sequentially actuating and deactuating the camera code mark applying means in a predetermined sequence to dapply a binary code to the film in the camera; an

means for changing said predetermined sequence of operation of said actuating means from one scene to the next, whereby the binary code applied to the film during adjacent scenes are distinct.

3. A device, usable with a motion picture camera of the type having means for applying code marks to the film and a recorder for producing a record of the accompanying'sound for pictures taken bythe. camera,,-said device comprising:

a source of coding information having atleast: one I 1 -,variable output characteristic; 1 r j means actuatable for modifying said output characteristic; a 1

' means operable during the taking of ,a scene for sequentially actuating and deactuating said output characteristic modifying means and the camera code mark applying means in the same predetermined sequence to binary encode said coding information;

means for applying said coding information to the recorder and the camera; and

means for changing said predetermined sequence of operation of said actuating means from one scene to the next, whereby the binary codes produced during adjacent scenes are distinct.

4. A device, usable with a sound recorder and motion picture filming apparatus, for producing a signal recordable by the recorder during the filming of a motion picture scene to permit synchronization between the sound and optical records, said device comprising:

a source of coding information having at least one variable output characteristic; a plurality of signal sources; an encoding device including means for selectively energiziig predetermined ones of said signal sources;

means for modifying the output of said coding information source in response to said modifying means being connected to an energized signal source;

means operable during the filming of each scene for scquentially connecting and disconnecting said signal sources to said modifying means; and

means for changing from the filming of one scene to the next the predetermined ones of said signal sources energized, whereby a binary signal indicative of the particular scene being film is produced by said coding information source to permit scene synchroniza tion between the sound and optical records.

5. A device as defined in claim 4 wherein said means for sequentially connecting and disconnecting said signal sources to said modifying means comprises:

a plurality of AND-gates, each of said plurality of signal sources being connected as an input to one of said AND-gates, respectively;

a binary counter having a series of output sets, each 'of said sets being connected as another input to one of said AND-gates, respectively, said AND-gates being adapted to produce an output signal when there is coincident inputs from the signal source and counter output set connected thereto;

means for transmitting the output signals produced by said AND-gates to said modifying means, whereby the output of said coding information source is modified each time there is such coincident inputs to one of said AN D-gates.

'6. A device as defined in claim 5 further comprising means for modifying the output of said coding information source at intervals determined by the running speed of the picture filming apparatus, whereby the sound and optical records may be speed synchronized.

.7. A device, usable with a sound recorder and a motion picture filming apparatus of the type having means for applying code marks to motion picture film, said device comprising: 1

a plurality of signal sources;

an encoding device including means for' selectively energizing predetermined ones of saidsignal sources;

means operable during the filming of a scene for sequentially sampling said signal sources to produce a.

z binary signal indicative of the particular scene being means actuatable by said binary signal to sequentially V actuateanddeactuate the'camera-code mark applying means ,in a sequence corresponding'l'to the binary signal; and, p. I j x f' s means for changing from the filming. of one sceneto .the next the predetermineduonesa of said-isignal sources energized,

8. A device as-definedyin claim 7- whereinsaidv means for sampling said signal sources comprisesz' 1 I a plurality of AND-gates, each of said plurality of sig- 1 nal sources being connected as an input to one of said AND-gates, respectively; 7 1 -51 -a binary counter having a. series-of output sets,neach of said sets being connected as another input. to one of said AND-gates-, respectively, saidAND-gate's being adapted to produce an'output signal whenthere is coincident inputs from the signal source and count.-

er output set connected thereto. 9. A device, usable with a motion picture filming apparatus of the type having means for applying code marks to the film and With' a sound recorder of the type having means for producing a signal frecordable by the recorder during the filming of a'motionpicture scene to permit synchronization between the sound and optical records said device comprising; p

a source of coding information having at least one variable output characteristic;

a plurality of signal sources; 1 I

an encoding device includin'g means for selectively en.- ergizing predetermined onesof said signal sources;

means operable during the filming of a scene for pro: ducing a binary signal indicative of thepredetermined ones of said signal sources energized by sequentially sampling said signal sources; I

means actuatable by said vbinary signal to modify the output of said coding information, source, and for sequentially actuating and deactuating the camera code mark applying means ina sequence'correspond ing to the binary signal; and i means for changing from the filming of one sceneto the next the predeterminedones of said signal sources energized, whereby the binary code produced on' the sound and optical records during one scene is distinct from the binary code produced during scenes adjacent to said one scene. I

10. A device as defined in claim 9 wherein said means for producing a binary'signal comprises:

a plurality of AND gates,'e'ach'of said plurality of sig nal sources being connected as an input to one of said AND-gates, respectively;

a binary counter having a series of output sets,'each of said sets being connectedias another input to one of said AND-gates, respectively, said AND-gates being adapted to produce an output signal, when there is coincident inputsfrorn the signal source and counter output set connected thereto. R

11. A device as defined in claim lofur'ther comprising means for modifying. the output of said coding'information source at intervals determined by the' runningspee'd of the picture filmingapparatus, whereb the sound and optical records maybe speed synchronizedf e e C t d if UNITEDMSTATES .PATnNrs 

